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Sainshand city. Danzanravjaa Museum. Mongolia.

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DORNOGOV AIMAG

DANZANRAVJAA MUSEUM


Nestled in the heart of Dornogovi Province, the Danzanravjaa Museum stands as a tribute to the revered Mongolian lama, poet, and playwright, Danzanravjaa. Known for his profound influence on Mongolian culture and spirituality, he left an indelible mark on the nation during the 19th century. The museum, an enchanting blend of history and culture, offers visitors a unique insight into the life and legacy of this extraordinary figure. His personal artifacts, including traditional Buddhist manuscripts, costumes, and artwork, are meticulously preserved and displayed, allowing guests to step back in time and immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of Mongolia's spiritual history.
 

The museum itself is a beacon of architectural elegance, reflecting traditional Mongolian design with a harmonious blend of modern elements. As you walk through its halls, the serene ambiance provides a perfect backdrop for the captivating exhibits dedicated to Danzanravjaa’s multifaceted legacy. From his innovative theatrical works to his passionate advocacy for social reform and education, the displays paint a vivid picture of a man ahead of his time. A visit to the Danzanravjaa Museum is not only a journey through history but also an opportunity to appreciate the timeless impact of a cultural icon whose ideas continue to resonate in contemporary Mongolia.
 

The Danzanravjaa Museum was established in 1991 in honour of the fifth Goviin Dogshin Noyon Khutagt ("Terrible Noble Saint of the Gobi"), one of the greatest and most unusual intellectuals in Mongolian history. The museum preserves and displays Danzanravjaa's original artistic works and literary manuscripts, along with his books, religious items, theatrical costumes, personal possessions, and similar objects illustrating his life and work.

Upon Danzanravjaa's death in 1856, his disciple Sh. Balchinchoijoo (Ishlodon) assumed the role of takhilch, or curator or the objects associated with Danzanravjaa's life. This curatorship was passed on within the same family for a further five generations until the religious purge of 1938, when orders were given to destroy Khamar Monastery and all of its contents. The curator at the time, G.Tudev, secretly took action to rescue the objects of Danzanravjaa's legacy before their destruction could take place. Entering the monastery surreptitiously each night, he packed and removed crates full of books, theatrical costumes, artworks, and religious and personal items used by the Noyon Khutagt, ultimately saving 64 wooden chests-out of a total of 1500. He secretly buried these crates in various locations in the vicinity of Khamar Monastery. The crates remained hidden until 1990 when, with end of socialist rule in Mongolia, Tudev's grandson Altangerel dug up the objects and founded the Danzanravjaa Museum.

DANZANRAVJAA MUSEUM'S COLLECTION

The Danzanravjaa Museum’s collection is composed of objects produced by or otherwise related to Danzanravjaa, leader of the red sect of Buddhism in the Gobi desert. The objects date back a minimum of 150 years and originate from the Gobi region. Since the demise of Danzanravjaa, approximately 150 years ago, the collection has been in the care of a single family who have preserved them using largely traditional preservation methods, passed down through the generations of carers. Preservation of the collection has included a period of approximately sixty years of burial, after careful packing of the collection and including periodic exhumation to survey and repack the items. Approximately one third of the collection was exhumed in 1990 and the majority of these objects moved to their current location in the Danzanravjaa Museum, Sainshand, established in 1990 for the purpose of housing and displaying the collection. A smaller number of objects are housed in reconstructed temples from the Danzanravjaa complex. The majority of the collection remains buried and is exhumed one to two times annually, when it is examined, repacked and reburied. Some objects in the collection have not survived the burial process and have deteriorated beyond use.
 

The collection includes works on paper, coated images on paper, documents, prayer books, costumes (predominantly silk and cotton) including masks, hats and boots, metal, wood and the ashes of Danzanravjaa.
 

Since being removed from burial it has been observed that some objects have rapidly deteriorated.

DANZANRAVJAA. BIOGRAPHY

Danzanravjaa was born in 1803 in the Gobi Mergen district of Tusheet Khan province, in what is nowadays the Khuvsgul district of Dorno-Gobi. His mother died when he was very young, leaving him to be brought up by his father as an only child. Being extremely poor, father and son lived by begging until 1809, when Ravjaa became a disciple of the religious master Ishdoniilkhundev of Ongiin River. It soon became apparent that the boy was extremely precocious; it is said that Danzanravjaa earned considerable respect for the literary genius exemplified by his early poems and songs. In 1811, in recognition of his extraordinary intellectual and artistic abilities, local religious authorities bestowed on him the title of fifth reincarnation of the Gobi Noyon Khutagt,
Danzanravjaa completed his basic training in Buddhist literature, art, religion and philosophy by the early 1820s. Thereafter he established the three monasteries of Galbyn Uul, all of which became local centres of culture, art, and education. Danzanravjaa gave considerable attention to the development of Khamar Monastery in particular, where he established a professional theatre and touring company, public library, museum, and primary school-all of which reflected his serious commitment to the cause of public education.

Danzanravjaa's primary school ('children's datsan') was unique in pre-revolutionary Mongolia as it offered talented children a free general, non religious education-consisting of instruction in Mongolian and Tibetan literacy, mathematics, natural science, and history - without discrimination as to social class or gender. Successful graduates of the
primary school were invited to undertake further vocational artistic training, preparing them to work as actors, singers, orators, set decorators, costume designers, and stage assistants in the Saran Khukhuu theatre company, or as teachers in schools, as well as the seal used in certifying qualified graduates.
The Saran Khukhuu Company also has a significant role in history as Mongolia's first professional public theatre. A three-level outdoor theatre was constructed specially for the performance of Danzanravjaa's festival-dramas. Which included a mixture of song, dance, oration, comedy, and melodrama presented by a company of approximately 300 actors travelled and performed for local audiences in other regions of the Gobi. Some of the costumes and other objects originally used in the theatre are on display at the Museum today.
In the 1840s Danzanravjaa also established what is considered to be the first museum in Mongolia. As many as ten thousand objects were stored and exhibited at the 'exhibition temple' at Khamar Monastery, including personal works and possessions, gifts from the public or from high-ranking religious and political authorities, and unusual objects collected during Danzanravjaa's extensive travels. Alongside this museum was a public library, where visitors could have books read aloud or translated by library staff.
Danzanravjaa's known literary output included more than 300 poetic works, over 100 songs, a philosophical treatise, the ten-volume Saran Khukhuu operetta, and numerous religious tracts written in both Mongolian and Tibetan. Several of Danzanravjaa's songs and poems remain popular to this day, with songs such as 'Ulemjiin Chanar' being commonly sung at holidays and celebrations. In addition Danzanravjaa created several dozen paintings on religious themes.
Danzanravjaa's poems, songs, and teachings are remarkable for their outspoken criticism of 18m-century Mongolian society. Greatly disturbed by the hypocrisy he saw in others, Danzanravjaa denounced those whom he perceived as helping themselves without helping others, criticizing others without criticizing themselves, or displaying various other forms of foolish or duplicitous behaviour. His sense of irony was well-developed even as a young child; he is reputed to have gained considerable attention for an improvised verse composed at the rear of the home became wet from rain blowing in through the smoke-hole, while the commoners at the entrance remained dry: 'When clouds come and it is time for rain / What difference between the door and the rear? / When death comes and it is time to pass on / What difference between the old and the young?' In his later life Danzanravjaa spared no criticism even of high-ranking lamas and political figures; his later poem `Ichig Ichig' (shame, shame'), for instance, is direct in its attack on hypocritical doctors, lamas, and other 'wise' men, in sharp contrast to the cautious reverence displayed by most contemporaries. Similarly the great festival music drama of Saran Khukhuu contains frequent references to the 'terrible dishonest times' in which Ravjaa saw himself as living, and which he considered to be the source of the evil and corruption prevalent even amongst the high-ranking officials he satirized on stage. Indeed Ravjaa earned many enemies as a result of his iconoclasm and general irreverence for authority, notably due to his opposition to Manchu rule of Mongolia, which he saw as being corrupt and exploitative. Danzanravjaa's pessimism became increasingly evident in his later writings, culminating in the poem ' Yertunts avgain jam' (the way of the world'), composed as he became aware that he had been poisoned and about to die.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
PAGES OF THE PICTURE ALBUM
Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

Photo. Danzanravjaa Museum. Sainshand, Mongolia.

 

 

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